The Matasano crypto challenges are a set of increasingly difficult coding challenges in cryptography; not puzzles, but designed to show you how crypto fits together and why all the parts are important. Cheers to Maciej Ceglowski of pinboard.in for bringing them to my attention.
Here I'll attempt to provide solutions in JavaScript, from first principles — that is, I will not use built-in features of the language, but build it all up from the basics. I also have no interest in being efficient here; I'll take slow plodding steps to an answer; in particular, I do a bunch of stuff by acting on individual bits, even though JS has much better facilities for XORing a whole bunch of stuff at once or whatever.
The string: 49276d206b696c6c696e6720796f757220627261696e206c696b65206120706f69736f6e6f7573206d757368726f6f6d
should produce SSdtIGtpbGxpbmcgeW91ciBicmFpbiBsaWtlIGEgcG9pc29ub3VzIG11c2hyb29t
.
The string: 1c0111001f010100061a024b53535009181c
xored with 686974207468652062756c6c277320657965
should produce 746865206b696420646f6e277420706c6179
.
The string: 1b37373331363f78151b7f2b783431333d78397828372d363c78373e783a393b3736
has been xored with a single byte from an English message.
One of the 60-character strings in the file has been encrypted by single-character XOR.
The string:
Burning 'em, if you ain't quick and nimble
I go crazy when I hear a cymbal
when XORed with repeating key "ICE", should equal
0b3637272a2b2e63622c2e69692a23693a2a3c6324202d623d63343c2a26226324272765272
a282b2f20430a652e2c652a3124333a653e2b2027630c692b20283165286326302e27282f
Break the encoded file, which is base64ed after being encrypted with repeating key XOR.